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The End of Elder Days
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Konec starých časů
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| So matters stood in 1980; three cultures, overlapping at the edges but
clustered around very different technologies. The ARPANET/PDP-10
culture, wedded to LISP and MACRO and TOPS-10 and ITS and SAIL. The
Unix and C crowd with their PDP-11s and VAXen and pokey telephone
connections. And an anarchic horde of early microcomputer enthusiasts
bent on taking computer power to the people.
|
Takže v roce 1980 byla situace následující, tři různé kultury, které se na okrajích překrývaly, ale které se shromažďovaly
okolo velmi rozdílných technologií. Kultura ARPANET/PDP-10, oddaná LISPu, MACRO, TOPS-10, ITS a SAIL. Společnost Unixu a C
s PDP-11, s VAXem a telefonním spojením. A anarchistický spolek prvních mikropočítačových nadšenců, kteří chtěli přinést počítače
masám.
|
|
Among these, the ITS culture could still claim pride of place. But
stormclouds were gathering over the Lab. The PDP-10 technology ITS
depended on was aging, and the Lab itself was split into factions by
the first attempts to commercialize artificial intelligence. Some of
the Lab's (and SAIL's and CMU's) best were lured away to high-paying
jobs at startup companies.
|
Mezi těmito kulturami měl stále ITS čestné postavení. Ale nad ní se již stahovala mračna. Technologie PDP-10 stárla a samotná
Laboratoř byla rozkládána prvními pokusy o komercializaci umělé inteligence. Některé nejlepší mozky z Laboratoře (a z SAIL
a CMU) byly odlákany na velmi dobře placená místa v začínajících společnostech.
|
|
The death blow came in 1983, when DEC cancelled its `Jupiter' followon
to the PDP-10 in order to concentrate on the PDP-11 and VAX lines.
ITS no longer had a future. Because it wasn't portable, it was more
effort than anyone could afford to move ITS to new hardware. The
Berkeley variant of Unix running on a VAX became the hacking system
par excellence, and anyone with an eye on the future could see that
microcomputers were growing in power so rapidly that they were likely
to sweep all before them.
|
Smrtelná rána dopadla v roce 1983, kdy se DEC rozhodl zrušit Jupitera (pokračovatele PDP-10) , aby se mohl soustředit na PDP-11
a VAX. ITS již neměl budoucnost. Protože nebyl přenosný, nikdo si nemohl dovolit věnovat tolik časo na jeho přepsání na jinou
architekturu. Varianta Unixu z Berkeley, která běžela na VAXu se stala prvotřídním hackerským prostředím a každý, kdo dokázal
odhadovat budoucnost viděl, že mikropočítače nabíraly rychle na síle a chystaly se smést vše, co jim stálo v cestě.
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|
It's around this time that Levy wrote Hackers. One of his prime
informants was Richard M. Stallman (inventor of EMACS), a leading
figure at the Lab and its most fanatical holdout against the
commercialization of Lab technology.
|
Někdy v té době psal Levy knihu "Hackers". Jedním z jeho hlavních zdrojů informací byl Richard M. Stallman (tvůrce EMACSu),
jedna z hlavních postav Laboratoře a nejfanatičtější odpůrce komercionalizace její technologie.
|
|
Stallman (who is usually known by his initials and login name, RMS)
went on to form the Free Software Foundation and dedicate himself to
producing high-quality free software. Levy eulogized him as ``the
last true hacker'', a description which happily proved incorrect.
|
Stallman (který je obyčejně znám pod svými iniciálami a loginem RMS) vytvořil Free Software Foundation a věnoval se tvorbě
velmi kvalitního volného software. Levi jej nazval "posledním opravdovým hackerem", tento popis se naštěstí ukázal mylným.
|
| Stallman's grandest scheme neatly epitomized the transition hackerdom
underwent in the early eighties --- in 1982 he began the construction
of an entire clone of Unix, written in C and available for free. His
project was known as the GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) operating system, in a
kind of recursive acronym. GNU quickly became a major focus for
hacker activity. Thus, the spirit and tradition of ITS was preserved
as an important part of the newer, Unix and VAX-centered hacker
culture.
|
Stallmanův největší projekt jasně dokumentuje přerod hackerství na počátku osmdesátých let. V roce 1982 začal vytvářet vlastní
klon Unixu, napsaný v C a dostupný zdarma. Jeho projekt byl znám jako GNU (Gnu Není Unix) operační systém. GNU se dostalo
brzy do centra zájmu hackerské aktivity a s ním se duch a tradice ITS uchovaly v mladší hackerské kultuře soustředěné okolo
Unixu a VAXu.
|
|
Indeed, for more than a decade after its founding RMS's Free Software
Foundation would largely define the public ideology of the hacker
culture, and Stallman himself would be the only credible claimant to
leadership of the tribe.
|
A opravdu, více než jedno desetiletí po svém založení Free Software Foundation z velké části definovalo veřejnou ideologii
hackerské kultury a jedině Stallman samotný se po právu mohl považovat za vůdce tohoto kmene.
|
|
It was also around 1982-83 that microchip and local-area network
technology began to have a serious impact on hackerdom. Ethernet and
the Motorola 68000 microchip made a potentially potent combination,
and several different startups had been formed to build the first
generation of what we now call workstations.
|
Okolo let 1982-1983 mikročipy a technologie místních sítí začaly mít važný vliv na oblast hackerství. Ethernet a mikročip
Motorola 68000 vytvořily obzvláště silnou kombinaci a několik začínajících společností začalo stavět první generaci toho,
co nyní známe pod názvem pracovní stanice.
|
|
In 1982, a group of Unix hackers from Stanford and Berkeley founded
Sun Microsystems on the belief that Unix running on relatively
inexpensive 68000-based hardware would prove a winning combination for
a wide variety of applications. They were right, and their vision set
the pattern for an entire industry. While still priced out of reach
of most individuals, workstations were cheap for corporations and
universities; networks of them (one to a user) rapidly replaced the
older VAXes and other timesharing systems.
|
V roce 1982 skupina Unixových hackerů za Stanfordu a Berkeley založila Sun Microsystems, neboť věřila, že Unix na relativně
levných počítačích založených na čipu 68000 bude představovat nejlepší kombinaci pro řadu aplikací. Měli pravdu a jejich
vize dala příklad celému průmyslu. Zatímco byly stále příliš drahé pro většinu individuálních uživatelů, pracovní stanice
byly levné pro korporace a univerzity a jejich sítě brzy nahradily starší VAX a další systémy.
|
4-19-2013
4-19-2013
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