Vznik Internetu přináší převratné změny do softwarového průmyslu. Často považujeme za jeho nejcennější příspěvek (a výzvu) dramatické snížení cen při komunikaci a obchodních transakcích. Tento jeho příspěvek je také všude zdůrazňován.

Ale to není všechno. Tradice Internetu, jeho kultura a dokonce i jeho folklor přinášejí lekce, které se stanou velmi důležitými v nadcházejícím století, s ekonomikou založenou na tvůrčích přístupech a všudepřítomným software.

Nejhlasitějším výstřelem této tiché revoluce bylo zveřejnění zdrojových kódů programu Netscape: prohlížeče Mozilla, 1.dubna 1998. Tento čin přinesl do centra zájmu sdělovacích prostředků boj mezi dvěma zcela rozdílnými styly vývoje software, konfrontaci, která již uzrávala 30 let, která se však stala neodvratnou od okamžiku vzniku WWW a Internetovské explozi let 1993-1994.

Jedním z těchto stylů je uzavřený model, tradiční přístup ke komerčnímu software, ve kterém zákazník obdrží zapečetěnou krabici součástek, kterou nesmí otevřít, modifikovat nebo z ní vycházet a dále rozvíjet. Hlavním představitelem tohoto modelu je Microsoft.

Proti tomuto modelu stojí otevřený software, vycházející z tradice Internetu, u nějž všechny zdroje jsou přístupné k nahlédnutí.

Dnes již všeobecně známé Haloween dokumenty uniklé z Microsoftu, jeho vlastními slovy potvrdily to, co již začínalo být zřejmé 9 měsíců před jejich zveřejněním: Otevřený software je na nejlepší cestě učinit uzavřený software zastaralým. Abychom pochopili proč a abychom mohli jasně rozpoznat implikace tohoto faktu pro budoucnost, musíme se oprostit od detailů, které jsou specifické pro soupeření mezi Linuxem a Microsoftem a musíme uvažovat kvalitativní, obecné zákonitosti ve třech oblastech: spolehlivosti, celkové ceny vlastnictví a softwarová rizika.

V historické perspektivě se ukazuje, že kontrola práce jinými nezávislými odborníky je nejjistější cestou pro dosažení vysoké spolehlivosti. Fyzici neutajují svá experimentální fakta jeden před druhým, místo toho obezřetně kontrolují práci svých kolegů. Inženýři nestaví přehrady ani mosty aniž by jejich plány nebyly překontrolovány nezávislými skupinamy inženýrů.

Historická spolehlivost softwarového průmyslu je neuvěřitelně špatná. Borcení a zastavování systémů včetně ztráty dat je stále běžné. Nezávislá kontrola je něčím výjimečným. Můžete se domnívat, že tato dvě fakta spolu nesouvisí, dokud se nepodíváte na infrastrukturu Internetu. Všechen základní software Internetu je otevřený a jeho spolehlivost je velmi vysoká. Jedná se o neobyčejně působivou demonstraci, protože Internet spojuje různé operační systémy, různé typy počítačů, je mezinárodní a je z velké části kompatbilní s tím, co vzniklo již před 30 lety a prošlo několika technologickými revolucemi.

Následují pozorování je prosté, ale velmi působivé. Pokud máme otevřený software, máme nezávislou kontrolu a vysokou spolehlivost. Pokud nemáme otevřenost a kontrolu, pak máme velké problémy se spolehlivostí. Již tento fakt zřejmě postačí na to, aby v budoucnosti byl uzavřený vývoj vytlačen na okraj.

Celková cena vlastnictví je rovněž drasticky ovlivněna otevřením zdrojů. V uzavřeném světě může vlastník software inkasovat peníze za každou změnu a vlastní efektivní monopol na poskytované služby. Významný uzavřený software tak stojí tisíce dolarů a další tisíce dolarů spolknou každoročně služby a modernizace.

Ve světě otevřených zdrojů jsou všechny součástky zdarma a prodejce vás nemůže přinutit využívat jeho služby. Díky tomu jsou ceny při náběhu software i jeho udržování nízké. A to překvapivě a hrozivě nízké podle standardů Microsftu.

Nepřímé efekty otevřeného software na cenu vlastnictví jsou ještě významnější. Nebohaté vzdělávací instituce zbožňují levný software obecně a otevřený software obzvláště, protože tak mohou studenti volně testovat a experimentovat takovým způsobem, který je velmi efektivní v procesu učení. Z univerzit a technických škol v současné době vychází stále více absolventů ovládajících Linux, z nichž každý rozumí systému mnohem více, než jakýkoliv Microsoftem certifikovaný správce uzavřeným Windows. Potenciální vliv této skutečnosti na cenu zaškolování personálu není těžké ocenit.

Nejdůležitější dlouhodobý efekt bude ale mít otevřený software na omezení rizik. Abychom věděli proč, musíme se opět zaměřit na monopol dodavatele uzavřeného software. ňekněme, že jste provozní ředitel velké společnosti a právě jste utratil miliony dolarů za strategický počítačový systém se softwarem, ke kterému nemáte přístup, který nemůžete upravit a jste závislý na jediném prodejci.

A nyní uvažujme. Budou se tyto systémy měnit s vašimi obchodními záměry nebo s obchodními záměry prodejce?

Pokud bylo vytvoření nezdravé závislosti na jednom výrobci jedinou zřejmou alternativou, bylo těžké vyhodnotit rizika. Otevřený software ale vrací zákazníkovi osud do jeho vlastních rukou. Vytváří trh pro vylepšení, služby a podporu. Umožňuje různé kombinace zabezbečení služeb, včetně vlastního vývoje nebo zadání konkrétních zakázek soutěžícím dodavatelům.

Abychom byli konkrétní. Pokud vaším operačním systémem je Windows, Microsft je vaší jedinou možností. Jste lapeni. Pokud je to Linux, Red Hat musí poskytovat dobré služby nebo na jeho místo přijde Caldera nebo S.u.S.E. A pokud selžou Red Hat, Caldera i S.u.S.E., poté tisíce Internetovských vývojářů vydá nové distribuce a použije při tom stejný volný a sdílený kód, ve kterém byla odstraněna naprostá většina chyb.

Viděli jsme, že otevřený software dává zákazníkovi do rukou otěže, dramaticky snižuje cenu vlastnictví a je jediným receptem k dosažení vysoké spolehlivosti. Z těchto důvodů nebude zřejmě dlouho trvat, než přijde okamžik, kdy nákup uzavřeného software pro systém, u kterého je vyžadována naprostá spolehlivost, bude považován za něco velmi nezodpovědného.

Ano. Až proběhne tato tichá revoluce, budete moci být propuštěni proto, že jste koupili něco od Microsoftu, a pokud s tím budete pokračovat, asi byste opravdu propuštěni být měli.

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